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  • Welcome page
  • Scope and use of site
  • Table of Contents
    • Why have a table of contents?
    • Contents
  • Essential prior learning
    • Introduction to Essential Prior Learning
    • Data Protection
    • Resources to consider before you get started with Statistics
      • Key Learning in Statistics Tutorials – Preliminary Training
      • Locations Within the University of Edinburgh Where SPSS Has Been Installed on PCs
      • Getting to Know SPSS
      • Statistical Significance, Statistical Power and Some Facts about p-values
      • Avoiding bad practice in statistics and exploring study design
        • Scientific integrity
        • Misuse of Statistics: Some Statistical Blunders Discovered Within Refereed Publications and Some Statistical Phenomena to Look out for
        • Understanding Different Study Designs
        • Retrospective Power Calculations Versus Examination of Confidence Intervals
      • Getting to Grips with Hypothesis Testing
      • SPSS Spreadsheets for Practise
    • Sample Size Calculations
    • Flowcharts for choosing hypothesis tests
    • Moving on to Data Preparation
      • Arranging Data in Spreadsheets for Statistical Analysis
      • Representing Socioeconomic Status
      • Working With Subsets of the Original Dataset – Filtering Data
      • Merging Similar Datasets
    • Moving forward with statistics: Many more resources
    • Useful Textbooks
      • Useful Textbooks: Paper Copies
      • Useful Textbooks: Electronic Copies
  • Questionnaire Design
  • Frequently Asked Questions on Statistical Methods for Presentation and Analysis of Data
    • Introduction to FAQs
    • Useful concepts in auditing, numeracy, mathematics and statistics
      • The exponential and logarithmic functions
      • Basic notation and rounding
      • Understanding the Proper Meaning of an Audit
      • Concepts and Rules of Probability
    • Summarizing data
      • Simple Descriptive Statistics
      • Odds Ratios, Relative Risks and the Number Needed to Treat
      • Summarizing and Analyzing Missing Data
      • Cross-Tabulating Frequencies or Percentages
      • Confidence Intervals
    • Data visualization
      • Forest Plots
      • Graphical Presentation of Data
    • Procedures involving statistical hypothesis testing
      • Tests of Normality
      • One-Tailed versus Two-Tailed Hypotheses Tests
      • Hypothesis Tests for a Single Group of Continuous Data
      • Testing for associations concordance and correlations
        • Correlation Coefficients – Linear and Non-Linear and Concordance
        • Linear Regression Analysis (Simple and Multiple)
        • Measuring the degree of association between variables
        • Hypothesis Tests for Categorical Data
      • Comparing groups
        • Tests of Homescedacity (or ‘Equality’ of Variance)
        • Survival Analysis
        • Hypothesis Tests for Comparing Two Groups of Measurement or Ordinal Data
        • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
      • Measuring consistency, agreement and reliabilty
        • Cronbach’s Alpha: Assessing Reliability
        • Statistical indices for measuring agreement and consistency between groups of categorical and measurement data
        • The Bland-Altman Method
      • Diagnostic testing
      • Cross-Over Trials
    • Report writing and hypothesis testing
      • Presenting the Statistical Methods Section in the Final Write-Up
      • Presenting the Findings and Conclusions of Statistical Hypothesis Tests
    • Epidemiology for the Rusty and Comparing a Study Cohort with a General Population
    • Critical Appraisals and Systematic Reviews, including meta-analyses
    • Time Series Analysis
    • Cluster Analysis: Arranging Data into Categories to Find a Natural Classification System
  • Reporting guidelines
    • INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING GUIDELINES
    • Non-English Translations
    • DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY STUDIES
    • Qualitative research
    • Reporting statistical findings
    • THE GRADE GUIDELINES
    • Observational studies
    • Systematic reviews, including meta-analyses: reporting guidelines
    • RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
    • Reporting standards for controlled trials
    • Evidence-Based Behavioural Medicine
    • Biosciences
    • Social and behavioural sciences
  • About the author
  • Book an appointment
  • Acknowledgements
  • SISTER SITE: MEDICAL STATISTICS CALS

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The WordPress site StatsforMedics, and all contents contained therein under the authorship of Dr Margaret MacDougall, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. This is with the exception of resources originally obtained from a source other than the above author of this WordPress site. In the latter case, permissions for use should be sought directly from the original source.


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